Most grassed areas are not designed to cope with frequent pedestrian or vehicle traffic. Whether used as a school playground, overflow car park, event space or popular footpath, repeated use can quickly result in worn grass, muddy patches and uneven surfaces, creating maintenance and safety concerns. 

Installing the right grass reinforcement system helps protect the underlying ground while preserving the appearance of natural grass. Modern products, including Polymax EASI Grass Mats, ORBIK Grass Mats and Ground Reinforcement Mesh, are designed to suit different site conditions and loading requirements, so selecting the most appropriate solution is essential.

This guide outlines the key factors to consider when specifying grass matting, including expected traffic levels, drainage, soil conditions and safety requirements.

What Is Grass Matting?

Grass matting refers to a range of ground reinforcement products designed to strengthen and protect grassed surfaces without replacing them with hard landscaping.

Depending on the application, these systems can help to:

• Reduce wear and erosion
• Improve grip underfoot
• Reinforce weak ground conditions
• Minimise muddy areas
• Provide impact protection in play environments
• Support occasional vehicle access
• Improve drainage
• Maintain a natural grass finish

Different systems achieve these objectives in different ways. EASI Grass Mats and ORBIK Grass Mats use open grid designs that allow grass to grow through the surface, while Ground Reinforcement Mesh works within the root zone to stabilise the turf more discreetly.

When Should Grass Matting Be Installed?

Grass reinforcement should be considered as soon as early signs of wear appear or where increased traffic is anticipated.

Typical indicators include:

• Persistent muddy areas, like gateways
• Access areas
• High traffic areas
• Bare patches of grass
• Vehicle rutting
• Surface water after rainfall
• Erosion on slopes
• Slippery walking conditions
• Informal footpaths or "desire lines" developing across grassed areas

Addressing these issues early is usually more cost-effective than carrying out repeated repairs and reseeding.

Understanding the Different Types of Grass Matting

EASI Grass Mats: Safety Surfacing for Play Areas

Polymax EASI Grass Mats are designed for environments where both grass protection and user safety are priorities.

Common applications include:

• Playgrounds, especially Climbing Frames, Swings, Slides
• Zip Lines
• Schools and nurseries
• Parks
• Recreational spaces
• Public footpaths

The mats feature an open grid construction that encourages grass growth while providing a durable, slip-resistant surface. A studded underside improves drainage and helps keep the mat securely in position.

Key features include:

• Tested for critical fall height performance up to 3.4 metres
• BS EN 1177 compliant options
• High slip resistance in wet conditions
• Durable recycled rubber construction
• Support for natural grass regeneration

EASI Grass Mats are particularly well suited to playgrounds and other areas where impact attenuation is required.

ORBIK Grass Mats:  Heavy-Duty Grass Protection

ORBIK Grass Mats are intended for more demanding environments where surfaces need to withstand higher loads or mixed-use traffic.

Typical applications include:

• Overflow car parks
• Estate roads and access routes
• Public open spaces
• Parks
• Mixed pedestrian and vehicle areas
• Ice Rinks
• Snow Mats/Ski Resorts
• Mountain bike parks

Compared with EASI mats, ORBIK features a tighter hole pattern that provides improved load distribution and additional grip without restricting drainage or grass growth.

Benefits include:

• Suitable for occasional vehicle use
• Strong natural rubber construction
• Excellent slip resistance
• Increased structural support
• Retention of a natural grass appearance

ORBIK Grass Mats are often specified where durability is critical and vehicle access is required.

Ground Reinforcement Mesh - Discreet Turf Stabilisation

Ground Reinforcement Mesh offers a lower-profile approach to grass protection by reinforcing the root zone rather than sitting above the surface.

As the grass establishes, the mesh becomes integrated within the turf and is barely visible.

Typical applications include:

• Informal footpaths
• Desire lines
• Slopes and embankments
• Golf courses
• Landscaping projects
• Erosion control schemes

Key advantages include:

• Minimal visual impact
• Reduced soil movement and rutting
• Improved resistance to wear
• Effective drainage performance
• Cost-effective coverage for larger areas

This makes it a popular choice for projects where appearance is just as important as performance.

Factors to Consider When Selecting Grass Matting

Traffic Levels and Intended Use

Understanding how the area will be used is the starting point for any specification.

For lightly used footpaths and informal routes, Ground Reinforcement Mesh may provide sufficient support.

Where pedestrian traffic is heavier or additional safety features are needed, EASI Grass Mats are often the better choice.

Areas exposed to occasional vehicle traffic, such as overflow parking or maintenance access routes, typically require ORBIK Grass Mats.

When assessing traffic levels, consider future demand as well as current usage.

Ground Conditions

Soil type has a direct impact on the long-term performance of any grass reinforcement system.

Clay soils tend to retain water and are more susceptible to compaction and rutting, often requiring more robust reinforcement.

Sandy soils generally drain more effectively but may need additional stabilisation on slopes.

Sites with mixed or poor ground conditions should be assessed individually before installation.

No reinforcement system will perform effectively if underlying drainage or subgrade issues are ignored.

Drainage Requirements

Good drainage is essential for maintaining healthy grass and preventing surface deterioration.

An effective grass matting system should: 

• Allow water to drain freely
• Reduce standing water
• Encourage healthy root growth
• Maintain grip during wet weather

Both EASI and ORBIK Grass Mats feature open structures that promote drainage, while Ground Reinforcement Mesh stabilises the soil without restricting water movement.

Safety Considerations

Safety requirements vary depending on the environment.

Slip resistance is particularly important in schools, public spaces and on sloping ground.

Where play equipment is installed, impact attenuation becomes a key consideration. EASI Grass Mats are specifically designed for these applications and are available with certified critical fall height performance.

Accessibility should also be considered. Surfaces should remain level, stable and comfortable to walk across throughout the year.

Slopes and Erosion Control

Unprotected slopes are especially vulnerable to erosion and surface washout.

Without reinforcement, heavy rainfall can lead to:

• Soil loss
• Uneven ground
• Increased maintenance costs
• Poor grass establishment

Ground Reinforcement Mesh is particularly effective in these environments as it stabilises the root zone while allowing vegetation to establish naturally.

Temporary or Permanent Installation

The intended lifespan of the project will influence product selection.

Temporary applications may include:

• Event spaces
• Seasonal vehicle access
• Construction routes

In these cases, rapid installation and removal are often the main priorities.

Permanent applications, such as playgrounds, parks and overflow parking areas, require a more durable long-term solution.

Typical Applications

Common Specification Mistakes

Selecting a product based solely on cost can lead to premature failure and higher long-term maintenance costs.

Ground preparation is equally important. Even the highest-performing grass matting system will struggle if installed over poorly prepared ground.

Traffic levels are also frequently underestimated. Always assess how the area is likely to be used over the lifetime of the installation rather than focusing only on current conditions.

Ongoing Maintenance

Most grass reinforcement systems require relatively little maintenance once established.

Routine tasks typically include:

• Periodic inspections
• Removing debris from drainage areas
• Monitoring grass growth

Ground Reinforcement Mesh generally requires the least ongoing maintenance as it becomes integrated into the turf over time.

Making the Right Choice

The most suitable grass matting system will depend on how the area is used, the condition of the ground and the level of protection required.

Selecting the correct system from the outset helps reduce maintenance costs, prevent recurring damage and extend the lifespan of grassed areas.

Our team of experts are available to help you select the right solution, contact them on +44 (0) 1 420 474 123. or e-mail here.

Anti vibration mounts, also known as AV mounts or vibration isolators, are rubber or elastomeric components used to absorb and dampen mechanical vibrations and shocks. They help prevent damage, reduce noise, and improve operator comfort in various mechanical systems. Whether you are working in industrial automation, HVAC systems, automotive applications, or marine environments, choosing the correct anti vibration mount can significantly extend the lifespan of your equipment and enhance overall performance.

Before beginning the selection process, it is important to clearly understand the specific objectives you want to achieve with the anti vibration mount, whether that’s reducing noise, protecting sensitive equipment, minimising shock loads, or improving operator comfort. This understanding will guide your choices and help you specify the most effective mount for your application.

To ensure optimum performance, it’s essential to know the criteria for specifying and selecting anti vibration mounts, how often they should be inspected, and when they should be replaced.

Criteria for Specifying Anti Vibration Mounts

When selecting anti vibration mounts, consider the following criteria carefully:

1. Load Requirements

Each mount is designed to support a specific static and dynamic load. Overloading can cause premature failure, while under-loading may reduce isolation effectiveness. Consider the following:

• Determine the equipment weight.
• Distribute weight evenly across mounts.
• Factor in dynamic forces (e.g., from motors or compressors).

2. Vibration Frequency

Vibration frequency is one of the most important factors when selecting an anti vibration mount. It refers to how quickly a machine vibrates and is typically measured in Hertz (Hz), or cycles per second.

Every piece of rotating equipment generates vibration at a specific frequency based on its operating speed. For example:

• A motor running at 1,800 RPM produces a vibration frequency of 30 Hz.
• A compressor operating at 3,600 RPM produces a vibration frequency of 60 Hz.

To convert RPM to Hertz, use the following formula:

Frequency (Hz) = RPM ÷ 60

For anti vibration mounts to isolate vibration effectively, their natural frequency must be significantly lower than the vibration frequency of the equipment. This creates an isolation zone where vibration energy is absorbed rather than transmitted to surrounding structures.

If the equipment's vibration frequency is too close to the mount's natural frequency, resonance can occur. Resonance amplifies vibration, increasing noise levels, accelerating component wear, and potentially causing equipment damage.

As a general rule, the operating vibration frequency should be at least 1.4 to 2 times greater than the mount's natural frequency to achieve effective vibration isolation.

When selecting a mount, also consider the relationship between load and stiffness:

• Stiffer mounts have a higher natural frequency and provide less vibration isolation.
• Softer mounts generally offer better vibration isolation but may allow greater movement.
• Heavier loads compress mounts further, reducing their natural frequency and improving low-frequency isolation.

For optimum performance, always select a mount that supports the equipment load while maintaining a natural frequency well below the machine's operating frequency.

2.1 Understanding Static Deflection

Static deflection is the amount a mount compresses under a given static load. It is one of the most critical parameters for determining the natural frequency of a mount and, therefore, its vibration isolation performance. In general, the greater the static deflection, the lower the mount’s natural frequency and the better its ability to isolate low-frequency vibrations.

As a rule of thumb:

• Higher static deflection = better isolation, but may allow more movement or sway.
• Lower static deflection = stiffer support, better for high-frequency or precise applications.

Polymax provide static deflection data (e.g., mm per kg or inches per pound), which helps you compare mounts and ensure their deflection fits your equipment’s isolation and stability requirements.

When selecting a mount:

• Estimate the deflection based on your equipment’s weight.
• Check that the deflection is within the optimal operating range of the mount.
• Avoid over-compressing (which can bottom out the mount) or under-loading (which reduces vibration damping).

3. Environmental Conditions

The working environment can affect the longevity and performance of mounts. Consider:

• Temperature ranges.
• Exposure to oil, chemicals, UV, or moisture.
• Outdoor vs. indoor use.

Select materials like neoprene, EPDM, or natural rubber depending on these factors.

4. Mount Orientation and Movement

Mount orientation refers to the direction and type of forces the anti vibration mount must handle typically axial (vertical), radial (horizontal), or multi-directional loads. It is essential to choose a mount that is specifically designed to withstand the dominant direction of force in your application.

Incorrect orientation can lead to premature failure, poor vibration damping, or even damage to connected machinery, so always match the mount’s design to the load direction for optimal performance and longevity.

Consider the direction of forces:

• Axial (vertical loads)
• Radial (horizontal loads)
• Multi-directional motion

5. Durability and Life Expectancy

Choose mounts rated for long-term performance and resistance to fatigue. 

How Often Should Anti Vibration Mounts Be Checked?

To ensure a long operating life and maintain optimal vibration isolation, regular inspections are critical. We recommend the following inspection frequencies:

• Every 6–12 months for standard industrial applications.
• Quarterly inspections in high-vibration or mission-critical environments.
• After any major equipment movement, repair, or shock event.

What to check during inspections:

• Cracks, splits, or hardening in rubber components.
• Loosening of mounts or hardware.
• Excessive compression or deformation.
• Rust or corrosion on metal parts.

When Should Anti Vibration Mounts Be Replaced?

Even the best anti vibration mounts degrade over time. Common signs that mounts need to be replaced include:

• Loss of vibration isolation.
• Increased noise or rattling.
• Visible wear or deterioration.
• Mounts have reached their expected service life (usually 3–7 years, depending on application and material).

Always replace mounts in sets to maintain balance and even load distribution.

Selecting the correct anti vibration mount is essential for reducing noise, controlling vibration, protecting equipment, and extending service life. By carefully considering load requirements, vibration frequency, static deflection, environmental conditions, and mounting orientation, you can ensure reliable performance and effective vibration isolation.

Regular inspection and maintenance are equally important. Monitoring mounts for signs of wear, deformation, corrosion, or loss of isolation performance can help prevent costly downtime and unexpected equipment failures.

For expert advice and product recommendations tailored to your needs, contact our team of experts on +44 (0) 1420 474 123 or E-mail us. 

In the oil, gas, offshore, and subsea industries, O-rings may be small components, but they perform a critical role in maintaining the integrity of high-value equipment. These elastomer seals operate in some of the world's harshest environments, where they are exposed to extreme and fluctuating pressures, wide temperature ranges, aggressive hydrocarbons, chemical injection fluids, and sour gas containing hydrogen sulphide (H₂S).

Failure of a single O-ring can lead to loss of containment, unplanned downtime, environmental incidents, costly repairs, and serious safety risks. As a result, operators and equipment manufacturers rely on internationally recognised standards and material qualification programmes to ensure sealing reliability throughout the life of an asset.

Understanding offshore O-ring standards and certification requirements is essential for engineers, procurement professionals, maintenance teams, and project managers responsible for specifying sealing solutions in demanding oil and gas applications.

Why O-Ring Certification Matters in Offshore and Subsea Environments

Offshore and subsea equipment places significant demands on elastomer materials. Certified O-rings provide confidence that the seal material has been tested and qualified to perform under the conditions it will encounter in service.

Using qualified sealing materials helps ensure:

• Reliable sealing under high pressures and challenging temperatures
• Resistance to sour gas (H₂S), hydrocarbons, and aggressive chemicals
• Compliance with operator, project, and regulatory requirements
• Consistent manufacturing quality and material traceability
• Reduced maintenance costs and lower lifecycle risk

Ensuring you use certified O-rings is a risk management strategy, not just a regulatory requirement.

NORSOK Standards: M-710 & M-711 for Offshore Elastomers

Developed by the Norwegian petroleum industry, NORSOK standards were created to improve safety, reliability, and cost efficiency across the Norwegian Continental Shelf. Today, NORSOK standards are widely specified throughout global offshore and subsea projects and are often regarded as the benchmark for elastomer qualification.

While NORSOK compliance is not legally required outside Norway, many operators and equipment manufacturers specify NORSOK-qualified materials as part of their technical requirements. In practice, this can make compliance essential for participation in offshore projects worldwide.

It is important to understand that NORSOK standards qualify elastomer compounds rather than individual O-rings. To maintain compliance, manufacturers must produce seals using approved formulations, controlled manufacturing processes, and full batch traceability.

Key Points:

• NORSOK is not legally required outside Norway, but operators often treat it as mandatory.
• NORSOK standards focus on compound qualification, not individual O-rings.
• Approved elastomer compounds must be manufactured with controlled processes and full traceability to maintain compliance.

Scope of NORSOK Elastomer Standards

NORSOK M-710 remains one of the most widely specified qualification standards for elastomer materials used in offshore and subsea sealing applications, particularly where long-term reliability is critical.

Global Use of Offshore Elastomer Standards

While NORSOK standards originated in Norway, offshore operators worldwide often specify a combination of NORSOK, NACE, API, and ISO requirements depending on project location and operating conditions.

Understanding which standards apply to a project is a crucial part of selecting suitable offshore O-rings and sealing materials.

AED & RGD Testing for High-Pressure Elastomers

One of the most important considerations for offshore and subsea elastomers is resistance to rapid gas decompression (RGD), sometimes referred to as explosive decompression.

When an elastomer is exposed to high-pressure gas, molecules can permeate into the material. If pressure is released too quickly, the trapped gas expands faster than it can escape, causing internal cracking, blistering, or catastrophic seal damage.

AED/RGD resistance is particularly important in:

• High-pressure valves
• Subsea connectors
• Production manifolds
• Gas compressors
• Blowout preventers (BOPs)
• Downhole completion tools

Because pressure cycling is unavoidable in these applications, AED/RGD-qualified O-rings are often considered essential for long-term reliability.

NACE TM0187 for Sour Service

Hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) presents one of the most aggressive environments encountered in oil and gas production. Exposure to sour gas can accelerate elastomer degradation, resulting in swelling, embrittlement, cracking, and premature seal failure.

NACE TM0187, provides internationally recognised guidance for material selection in H₂S-containing environments. Compliance helps ensure sealing materials maintain their performance and integrity throughout service life.

Typical Applications Requiring NACE Compliance

While NORSOK focuses on overall offshore elastomer qualification, NACE specifically addresses material performance in sour service environments.

O-Ring Material Selection and Certification

Selecting the correct O-ring material involves far more than choosing a polymer family. Performance depends on the complete compound formulation, including fillers, curing systems, and manufacturing controls.

As a result, generic material descriptions alone are insufficient when specifying O-rings for offshore, subsea, or sour service applications.

Elastomer Materials Availability. 

For demanding offshore applications, HNBR, FKM, and FFKM compounds are among the most frequently specified materials due to their ability to satisfy multiple qualification requirements simultaneously.

Material	NORSOK	AED / RGD	NACE	Typical Use	Notes
HNBR	✓	✓	✓	Oil & gas, sour service	Widely used in high-pressure sour applications
FKM (Viton)	✓	✓	✓	High-temp hydrocarbons	Select compound grades only
Aflas	✓	✓	✓	Sour gas wells, high-pressure gas systems, chemical injection systems	Excellent resistance to H₂S
FFKM	✓	✓		Extreme chemicals & temperature	Often used in critical subsea applications

Only compounds that have passed recognised tests, should be used for these applications, contact Polymax to ensure you are selecting a certified compound.

Choosing the Right O-Rings

When specifying O-rings for offshore, subsea, and sour service environments, it is important to evaluate both the application conditions and the certification requirements.

Before selecting a sealing material, consider:

• Required standards and project specifications, including NORSOK M-710, M-711, NACE TM0187, & TM0297.
• Operating pressures and temperature ranges
• Exposure to hydrocarbons, production chemicals, and sour gas
• AED/RGD resistance requirements
• Material certification and traceability documentation
• Long-term reliability and maintenance considerations

Selecting the correct offshore O-ring requires more than matching material types. Certification status, pressure profile, temperature range, chemical exposure, and sour service requirements all influence sealing performance and operational reliability.

Our technical team can help identify compliant NORSOK, AED/RGD-resistant, and NACE-compliant O-ring solutions for your application. Contact us on +44 (0) 1420 474 123 or email us for expert technical guidance.

Protecting people should always be the first priority, whether in a warehouse, on a construction site or at a temporary event. Exposed cables and hoses can quickly become trip hazards, putting employees, contractors and members of the public at risk of injury. In areas where vehicles operate, unprotected cables can also become damaged, leading to equipment failure, costly downtime and additional safety concerns. 

Choosing the right cable or hose protector is therefore about far more than protecting cables, it is about creating safer environments, reducing risk and ensuring the smooth operation on your site.

Why Are Cable and Hose Protectors Important?

Slips, trips and falls remain one of the most common causes of workplace injuries across the UK. Cables and hoses running across walkways, access routes and vehicle routes present a significant risk if they are not properly managed.

A suitable cable protector can help:

• Protect people from slip and trip hazards
• Protect power cables and hoses from damage
• Improve site safety and housekeeping
• Maintain safe access routes
• Reduce downtime and costly repairs
• Ensure compliance with health and safety requirements

For temporary installations such as festivals, exhibitions, sporting events and outdoor events, cable protectors also help create safe public spaces where large numbers of people may be moving around unfamiliar environments.

Understanding Your Legal Responsibilities

Employers and site managers have a legal duty to assess and control workplace risks.

Relevant legislation and guidance may include:

• Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974
• Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999
• Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015
• HSE Guidance INDG225 – Preventing Slips and Trips at Work
• HSE Guidance HSG150 – Health and Safety in Construction
• Temporary event guidance from the Event Safety Alliance and local authority licensing requirements

Failure to adequately manage cables and hoses can result in accidents, enforcement action, claims, project delays and reputational damage.

Step 1: Consider the Environment

The first question to ask is where the cable protector will be used.

Step 2: Understand the Traffic Crossing the Protector

One of the most important factors when choosing a cable protector is determining what will pass over it. Selecting an underspecified protector can lead to structural failure, resulting in the load being directly applied to the live cables or pressurised hoses and creating serious safety risks.

It is always recommended to choose a cable protector with a load rating that exceeds your expected traffic requirements. Underestimating vehicle loads is one of the most common causes of cable protector failure.

Step 3: Consider How Long the Installation Will Be in Place

The duration of the installation often determines the most suitable type of cable protector.

Temporary cable management is particularly important at events where large numbers of visitors may be walking across power cables, lighting cables, data lines and water hoses. In these environments, cable protectors help maintain safe access routes while protecting essential services.

Step 4: Determine the Number and Size of Cable or Hoses

Not all hoses carry the same materials, and the consequences of damage can vary significantly. When selecting a hose protector, consider both the hose itself and the medium being transported.

For example, temporary chillers used during shutdowns or emergency cooling projects often require both power cables and glycol hoses to cross vehicle routes. In these situations, selecting a protector solely based on traffic loading may not be sufficient. The potential consequences of a damaged hose should also influence the level of protection chosen.

Step 5: Consider Visibility and Access Route Clearance

Cable protectors should improve safety, not create new hazards.

High-visibility cable ramps are often the preferred choice in:

• Warehouses
• Public spaces
• Event venues
• Construction sites
• Emergency access routes

The profile and positioning of the protector should also allow safe movement of pedestrians, wheelchairs, trolleys and vehicles wherever possible.

Common Selection Mistakes to Avoid

Some of the most common issues we encounter include:

• Underestimating vehicle loads
• Choosing channels that are too small
• Using indoor products outdoors
• Failing to consider installation duration
• Selecting products with insufficient visibility

Taking a few extra minutes to assess the environment and traffic requirements can significantly reduce the risk of accidents and premature product failure.

Why Choose Polymax for Cable and Site Safety Solutions?

At Polymax, we have experience helping customers across numerous industries, including manufacturing, warehousing, construction, utilities and live events.

Whether you require a simple pedestrian cable cover for an exhibition stand or an 80-tonne-rated cable protector for a heavy-duty construction site, our team can help you identify the most suitable solution for your application.

Many of our cable protectors and site safety products are available from stock and can be delivered quickly to help keep your project running safely and efficiently.

Need Help Choosing the Right Cable Protector?

By considering:

• The environment
• Traffic type and load requirements
• Installation duration
• Cable and hose size and capacity
• Visibility and access requirements

You can significantly improve site safety, protect valuable equipment and ensure compliance with health and safety obligations.

If you're unsure which solution is right for your application, our team is always happy to help, contact us on +44(0) 1420 474 123 or E-mail us here.

What is Compression Set?

Compression set occurs when an elastomer undergoes permanent deformation and fails to fully recover its original shape after being subjected to prolonged compression. In sealing applications, this loss of elasticity can significantly reduce sealing performance and increase the risk of leakage.

A common example is an O-ring that remains flattened after extended service. As the material loses its ability to rebound, the sealing force decreases, making compression set one of the leading causes of O-ring failure. Understanding what causes compression set and how to minimise it is essential when selecting seals for long-term reliability.

How is Compression Set Measured?

Compression set is a measure of an elastomer's ability to recover after being compressed for a specified period of time. It is commonly evaluated using the ASTM D395 testing standard, which measures the permanent deformation that remains after the compressive load has been removed.

During testing, the elastomer is compressed by a specified percentage, typically 25% of its original thickness for a defined period and temperature. Once the load is removed, the material is allowed to recover before its final thickness is measured.

The result is expressed as the percentage of the original deformation that has not recovered. Lower compression set values indicate better elastic recovery and generally provide improved long-term sealing performance.

Compression Set Formula for O-rings

Compression Set (%) = ((T₀ − Tᶠ) / (T₀ − Tc)) × 100 

Where:

• T₀ = Original O-ring cross-sectional thickness
• Tᶠ = Final thickness after testing
• Tc = Thickness under compression

Causes of Compression Set

Compression set can develop due to several factors, often acting together over time. Common causes include:

Inadequate Heat Resistance

Exposure to elevated temperatures can accelerate the breakdown of elastomer properties, reducing the material's ability to recover after compression. Selecting high-temperature materials such as FKM (Viton®) or silicone can help maintain elasticity in demanding environments.

Poor Compression Set Performance

Different elastomers exhibit varying resistance to permanent deformation. Materials with naturally lower compression set characteristics, such as EPDM and FKM, are often preferred for applications requiring long service life.

Excessive O-ring Squeeze

Applying too much compression during installation places additional stress on the elastomer and can accelerate permanent deformation. Recommended squeeze levels are typically:

• Static seals: 15–30%
• Dynamic seals: 8–16%

Following established gland design guidelines helps optimise sealing performance while minimising compression set.

Chemical Degradation

Exposure to incompatible chemicals can alter the molecular structure of an elastomer, leading to hardening, softening, swelling, or permanent deformation. Ensuring material compatibility with the media being sealed is essential for long-term reliability.

Factors Affecting Compression Set

Shore Hardness (ShA)

Shore hardness influences how readily an elastomer deforms under load. Softer materials, such as 50 ShA silicone, generally compress more easily and may exhibit higher compression set values. Harder materials, such as 75 ShA FKM, tend to resist deformation more effectively and often provide improved compression set performance.

Selecting the correct hardness helps balance sealing effectiveness, installation requirements, and long-term durability.

O-ring Size

Correct O-ring sizing plays an important role in maintaining seal integrity and reducing compression set. The cross-sectional thickness and gland dimensions determine the amount of squeeze applied during installation.

Thicker O-rings may experience greater compression, increasing the risk of permanent deformation. Conversely, O-rings that are too thin may not generate sufficient sealing force. Oversized O-rings can also experience excessive installation stress, which may affect service life.

Compression Set Performance of Common O-rings Materials

Different elastomer compounds exhibit varying levels of compression set resistance. While application requirements such as temperature, chemical compatibility, and hardness should always be considered, the table below provides a general comparison of common O-ring materials and their typical compression set performance.

Why is Compression Set Important When Selecting an O-ring?

O-rings function by maintaining continuous contact between the sealing surfaces and the gland. To achieve this, the elastomer is compressed during installation, creating the sealing force required to prevent leakage.

Over time, heat, pressure, and chemical exposure can alter the polymer structure of the material. As elasticity decreases, the O-ring becomes less capable of returning to its original shape, reducing the sealing force available within the assembly.

For this reason, compression set should be considered alongside chemical compatibility, temperature resistance, and hardness during material selection. Choosing an elastomer with good compression set resistance helps prevent premature seal failure, reduce maintenance costs, and improve long-term system reliability.

In critical applications such as hydraulic systems, chemical processing equipment, and industrial machinery, compression set is often one of the most important indicators of long-term sealing performance.

Need Help Call +44 (0)1420 474123 or e-mail us. We're here to help you find the perfect solution for reliable, long-lasting sealing.

The Polymax team was delighted to receive recognition at the recent annual conference of the European Sealing and Gasket Association (EUSGA), where we were presented with a certificate celebrating 12 years of membership.

Being part of EUSGA reflects our ongoing commitment to quality, technical excellence, industry collaboration, and continuous improvement. For our customers, this means confidence in the products we supply, access to the latest industry knowledge, and a trusted partner dedicated to delivering reliable sealing solutions that meet the highest standards.

We would like to thank EUSGA for this recognition and look forward to continuing to support our customers through innovation, expertise, and best practice across the industry.

To  enhance the range of precision manufacturing services we provide to our customers, Polymax have invested in the addition of a new CNC Rubber Tube Cutting Machine (Double Spindle). This investment strengthens our ability to supply high-quality flat washers, square rings, and custom rubber sealing components improving accuracy, consistency, and cost efficiency.

By introducing this advanced cutting technology, we can now provide customers with:

• More cost-effective production solutions compared to traditional single-piece moulding
• Improved dimensional consistency with thickness accuracy up to ±0.05 mm
• Virtually flash-free components with superior edge finish
• Faster production turnaround for high-volume requirements
• Reduced rejection rates and improved sealing performance
• Greater repeatability through automated servo and PLC-controlled processes

Improved Capacity

The machine is capable of cutting rubber tubes ranging from 10 mm to 150 mm in diameter and is suitable for materials including EPDM, NBR, NR, and other elastomers commonly used in sealing applications.

This capability is particularly valuable for customers in industries such as automotive, industrial sealing, infrastructure, and construction, where consistent quality and tight tolerances are essential.

In addition to standard flat washers and square rings, the process also supports the efficient production of small rubber pipe sections and customised gasket components. By producing longer moulded pipes and precision-cutting them into finished parts, we can improve productivity while maintaining high levels of dimensional accuracy and finish quality.

Improving Customer Performance

The introduction of this technology allows us to better support customers facing challenges with:

• Thickness variation
• Poor edge quality
• Inconsistent washer performance
• Long lead times for bulk orders
• High costs associated with conventional moulding methods

This latest investment reflects our continued commitment to delivering innovative, high-quality, and value-driven rubber manufacturing solutions for our customers.

To find out more contact our team of experts here, or call +44 (0) 1420 474 123.

However, playgrounds must be designed with safety in mind. One of the most important elements in reducing the risk of injury is the surface beneath equipment. Properly specified playground or play area matting can significantly reduce the severity of injuries caused by falls.

For specifiers, contractors, schools, councils, and facilities managers, understanding the legal framework surrounding playground surfacing is essential. Failing to comply with relevant legislation and safety standards can increase the risk of injury and expose organisations to legal liability.

This article explains the key legislation and safety standards affecting playground and play area matting in the UK, how a risk-based framework helps organisations remain compliant, and what to consider when selecting and maintaining appropriate surfacing.

Why Playground Matting Matters

Playgrounds are designed to encourage movement, exploration, and social interaction, but they are also environments where falls are inevitable.

Because climbing frames, swings, and other equipment introduce height and motion, the surface beneath them plays a critical role in reducing injury risk. Without appropriate surfacing, even relatively low falls onto hard ground such as concrete or compacted soil can result in serious harm.

This is why shock-absorbing playground matting is so important. It helps reduce the impact energy of a fall and is a key factor in safer play area design, particularly in commercial and public-use environments.

A key measure used to assess this performance is Critical Fall Height (CFH), which indicates how effectively a surface can absorb impact from different heights.

Understanding the Legal Framework and Safety Standards

The use of playground surfacing is not governed by strict prescriptive legislation on materials or construction methods. Instead, organisations are required to ensure that playground environments are safe through risk assessment and appropriate control measures.

This duty is set out in key UK legislation, including:

• Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 – requires safe systems of work for both employees and the public
• Occupiers’ Liability Acts 1957 and 1984 – establish a duty of care to ensure visitors are reasonably safe
• Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 – requires suitable and sufficient risk assessments

To support these legal duties, organisations rely on recognised industry standards that define how safety performance should be assessed.

The most important of these is BS EN 1177, which sets out how playground surfacing is tested for impact attenuation. This standard measures how well a surface reduces injury risk from falls, using the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) as the benchmark for safety performance.

Alongside this, BS EN 1176 provides guidance on playground equipment design, including the requirement that appropriate surfacing is installed within defined fall zones.

Together, legislation and standards ensure that playground surfacing is not chosen arbitrarily, but selected and installed based on measurable safety performance.

Critical Fall Height and Fall Zones

To correctly specify playground matting, two key concepts must be understood: Critical Fall Height and fall zones.

Critical Fall Height (CFH)

Critical Fall Height refers to the maximum height from which a child can fall onto a surface without sustaining a life-threatening head injury. It is determined through controlled testing, where impact performance is measured using the Head Injury Criterion (HIC).

The resulting CFH rating indicates the protective capability of a surface and is central to safe product selection.

Fall Zones

Fall zones are the areas surrounding playground equipment where a child is likely to land during use or in the event of a fall. This includes not only the immediate area beneath equipment, but also surrounding zones influenced by movement—such as the arc of swings or slide exit paths.

For a surface to perform effectively, the entire fall zone must be fully covered with appropriate surfacing. Gaps, uneven coverage, or exposed hard ground can significantly increase injury risk.

Correct fall zone design, combined with the right CFH-rated material, ensures the surface performs as intended under real-world conditions.

Independent Testing and Product Performance

To demonstrate compliance and performance, playground surfacing is tested using recognised standards such as BS EN 1177. This provides measurable data on impact attenuation and ensures products perform consistently in real-world conditions. 

Grass-Based Safety Mats

Products such as EASI Grass Mats and ORBIK Grass Mats are designed for installation over natural turf, providing reinforced protection while maintaining a grass surface.

Independent testing has demonstrated that our Polymax EASI and ORBIK grass mats can provide significant fall protection when installed correctly on suitable ground conditions.

These products are tested in accordance with BS EN 1177 safety standards, confirming their suitability as shock absorbing surfaces in playground environments.

Additional benefits include:

• Excellent drainage
• Reduced mud formation
• Natural grass appearance
• Durable water resistant mats
• Suitable for high traffic areas

Critical Fall Height Performance – Polymax Play Safety Tiles

Rubber crumb safety tiles are one of the most common forms of commercial playground surfacing, particularly where defined fall heights must be matched to specific safety surfaces.

Polymax Play Safety Tiles are manufactured from recycled rubber crumb and provide consistent shock absorption across the surface.

Independent laboratory testing of Polymax Play Safety Tiles, carried out in accordance with EN 1177:2018 for the determination of impact attenuation (HIC), produced the following results when the tiles were installed over a concrete base:

These results demonstrate how surfacing thickness directly affects fall protection performance.

When specifying rubber tiles, the chosen thickness must always match or exceed the free height of fall of the playground equipment.

For example:

• Equipment with a fall height of 1.5 metres should use Polymax Play Safety Tiles tiles that have a minimum thickness of 50mm or greater. 

Correct specification ensures the surface provides effective protection across the designated fall zone.

Why Certification Matters

Testing conducted by a UKAS-accredited laboratory confirms that playground surfacing has been evaluated using controlled laboratory procedures and calibrated equipment in accordance with relevant standards.

For specifiers and operators, this means:

• Verified Critical Fall Height performance
• Confidence in compliance with BS EN 1177
• Consistency in product quality and safety performance
• Supporting documentation for duty of care requirements

This evidence-based approach helps organisations demonstrate that reasonable steps have been taken to manage risk effectively.

Installation Compliance Considerations

Even high-quality playground matting will only perform correctly if installed appropriately.

Several factors influence installation compliance, including:

• Ground preparation
• Base stability
• Surface levelness
• Drainage conditions
• Correct fall zone coverage

For example, poor drainage can allow water to accumulate beneath the surface, potentially affecting performance during frost conditions.

Ensuring the installation follows manufacturer guidance helps maintain the intended safety performance of the surface.

Who Is Legally Responsible for Playground Safety?

Responsibility for playground safety usually lies with the organisation that owns or manages the site.

This may include:

• Local authorities
• Schools and academies
• Nurseries
• Leisure centres
• Property owners
• Commercial playground operators

Under occupiers' liability legislation, these organisations must take reasonable steps to ensure playground equipment and surfacing remain safe for users.

This includes selecting appropriate playground or play area matting and maintaining it throughout its lifespan.

The Impact of Weather on Playground Matting Performance

Outdoor playground surfaces must withstand continuous exposure to weather conditions.

Several environmental factors can influence performance.

UV Exposure

Long-term ultraviolet exposure may gradually degrade certain materials, potentially reducing elasticity.

Frost and Freeze-Thaw Cycles

Freeze-thaw cycles can cause ground movement if water becomes trapped beneath the matting.

Rain and Drainage

Surfaces designed to allow water to pass through help prevent pooling and maintain consistent safety performance.

High-quality playground matting systems such as the Polymax Play Tiles are designed to remain durable despite seasonal weather variations.

Playground Maintenance and Ongoing Inspection

Regular inspection is an essential part of playground maintenance.

Typical checks should include:

• Surface wear or damage
• Loose or lifted tiles
• Grass growth through reinforcement mats
• Drainage effectiveness
• Changes in ground levels

Routine inspections help identify issues early before they develop into safety hazards.

Is Ongoing Assessment a Legal Requirement?

UK legislation does not specify a fixed inspection schedule for playground surfacing. However, operators are required to ensure that playground environments remain safe.

Industry guidance from organisations such as RoSPA recommends three types of inspection:

• Routine visual inspections
• Operational inspections
• Annual independent inspections

These assessments demonstrate that operators are actively managing risk in accordance with health and safety obligations.

Common Compliance Mistakes

Several issues can lead to non-compliance in playground environments.

Common examples include:

• Installing surfacing with insufficient Critical Fall Height
• Incorrect fall zone coverage
• Poor drainage beneath surfaces
• Failure to conduct regular inspections
• Replacing damaged tiles with incompatible materials

Working with Polymax and using our products tested to recognised safety standards can help avoid these problems.

Choosing the Right Playground Matting Solution

Selecting the correct playground matting depends on several factors including:

Polymax supplies a range of specialist solutions including:

• Play Safety Tiles for defined fall zones
• EASI Grass Mats for reinforcing natural turf
• Orbik Grass Mats for durable grass protection

These solutions are available from stock with short lead times, helping contractors and site operators quickly implement compliant playground surfacing.

Speak to the Experts

Understanding the legal requirements surrounding playground surfacing can be complex, particularly when balancing legislation, safety standards, and installation considerations.

Explore the full range of playground and play area matting available of for expert advice Contact the Polymax experts here or call on +44 (0) 1420 474 123

Disclaimer

Legislation and safety standards referenced in this article are correct at the time of publication. Organisations should ensure they review the most current regulations and guidance when specifying playground safety surfacing.

Choosing the right O-ring involves more than just size and material. One of the most critical but often overlooked factors is the material hardness. This indicates how soft or firm a rubber compound is, influencing how well the O-ring seals, resists pressure, and performs in real-world conditions.

For most O-ring applications, Shore A hardness (abbreviated ShA or HA) is the primary scale used. However, understanding how different Shore scales work provides important context for making the best choice.

What Is Shore Hardness?

Shore hardness is a measure of how resistant a material is to indentation, indicating how soft or hard it is on a standardised scale. It is determined using a device called a durometer, which applies a standardised force to a material and measures its resistance to indentation. The result is a numerical value that helps compare the hardness of different materials.

Overview of Shore Hardness Scales

There are several Shore scales, but the most commonly used for polymers and elastomers are:

• Shore A (ShA or HA): Used for soft, flexible materials like rubber, silicone, and other elastomers. This is the standard scale for O-rings. The scale ranges from 0 (very soft) to 100 (very hard). For example, a 70 ShA O-ring offers a balance of flexibility and durability.
• Shore D (ShD or HD): Designed for harder plastics such as nylon, polycarbonate, and rigid thermoplastics. Shore D is not used for standard rubber O-rings, but may be referenced for rigid back-up rings (PTFE) or non-elastomeric sealing components.
• Shore 00: Less common in O-ring applications, Shore 00 is used for very soft gels or foams, like sponge rubber or soft silicone gels.

Which Shore A Hardness Rating is Best for your Application

The Shore A hardness rating of an O-ring has a direct impact on its ability to seal, resist deformation, and withstand pressure. As a guide what rating should you use for different applications.

• Soft O-rings (40–60 ShA): Highly flexible, excellent for low-pressure applications or when sealing against rough or uneven surfaces. However, they may wear more quickly and be prone to extrusion under high pressure.
• Medium O-rings (70 ShA): The most commonly used hardness for O-rings, striking a balance between elasticity and strength. Suitable for both dynamic and static sealing in hydraulics and pneumatics.
• Hard O-rings (80–90 ShA): Best for high-pressure environments. These O-rings are more resistant to extrusion and abrasion but require smooth sealing surfaces and higher installation force.

Reduce Cost and Downtime by Getting your Selection Right

Understanding the Shore Hardness scale, especially Shore A (ShA) for elastomers, is essential for selecting the right O-ring. By matching the material hardness to your application's requirements, you can ensure a more reliable, longer-lasting seal that minimises downtime and maintenance.  To find out more contact our team of experts.

Ensuring food-contact O-rings, seals, gaskets, and silicone tubing are safe and compliant is essential for manufacturers, installers, and end-users operating in the United States, European Union, and global food-processing markets.

Regulatory compliance helps:

• Protect consumer health
• Reduce contamination risk
• Ensure export-ready certification
• Support hygienic design standards in processing systems

This guide compares the three most important frameworks for food-contact elastomers and sealing components:

• FDA 21 CFR (U.S.) – focuses on ingredient safety, extractable limits, and migration testing.
• EC 1935/2004 (EU) – prioritises migration limits, traceability, and documentation.
• 3-A Sanitary Standards (3-A SSI) – ensures hygienic design, cleanability, and bacterial prevention in equipment.

Achieving FDA and EC 1935 compliance is essential for manufacturers exporting to the U.S. and EU, while 3-A compliance ensures hygienic design in food and pharmaceutical systems worldwide.

Key Differences Between FDA, EC 1935, and 3-A Sanitary Standards

Key Insight

• FDA focuses on chemical safety and permitted substances
• EU EC 1935/2004 focuses on migration limits and traceability across materials
• 3-A SSI focuses on equipment design, cleanability, and hygienic performance

Together, they define the global compliance landscape for food-contact sealing components.

Steps to Achieve FDA 21 CFR Compliance

FDA compliance for food-contact elastomers and plastics follows a structured process:

1. Verify Approved Materials (Positive List Compliance)

Materials must comply with FDA 21 CFR regulations, especially:

• 21 CFR 177 (polymers used in food-contact applications)
• Only listed additives, stabilisers, and resins may be used
• New substances require a Food Contact Notification (FCN)

2. Extraction & Migration Testing

FDA requires lab testing to measure migration of substances into food simulants. EC 1935/2004 also requires migration testing but uses different simulants and measurement units.

3. Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)

• Clean, traceable production environments guarantee consistent quality and contamination prevention.
• Essential for manufacturers and reassuring for installers and end-users.

4. Declaration of Compliance (DoC)

• A self-issued document summarising compliance, usually backed by independent lab reports.
• Required for audits, inspections, and export documentation.

Authority cue: A properly prepared DoC demonstrates regulatory compliance to FDA, EC, and 3-A standards, reinforcing credibility with customers and regulators.

Selecting the Right O-Rings, Seals, and Tubing

When specifying components for food-contact applications, consider:

• Regulatory compliance: FDA & EC 1935 for chemical safety; 3-A SSI for hygienic design.
• Material properties: Durometer/hardness, chemical compatibility, temperature resistance.
• Documentation: Lab reports, DoC, audit-ready datasheets.
• Installation suitability: CIP/SIP systems, hygienic operation, maintenance access.

Compliance Comparison at a Glance

• • FDA: Focused on ingredient safety and extractable limits; critical for the U.S. market.
  • EC 1935/2004: Ensures migration limits, traceability, and safe food-contact materials for EU export.
  • 3-A SSI: Ensures hygienic design, cleanability, and bacterial prevention, supporting CIP/SIP systems.
  • Manufacturers exporting to U.S. and EU markets need both FDA and EC 1935 compliance.
  • Proper documentation and independent testing support audits, inspections, and global market access.

Tip: Following these standards ensures high-quality, safe O-rings, gaskets, and tubing for food-contact applications worldwide.

Expert Guidance and Contact

Our team of compliance specialists can help you identify FDA, EC 1935, and 3-A compliant materials, Contact our team of Experts